Some of them are discussed below: The U.S. Army Ordnance Group ruled out the possibilities of explosions and impacts. Calculations showed a 3% loss of steel due to this degradation of material. The stress calculations that had been prepared for the design were verified for assurance that the bridge met the engineering criteria that were used at the time of construction. The exposed surface was thus left open to natural elements and created a built-in weakness. Plagued by the collapse of travel amid the coronavirus pandemic, arrivals to Hong Kong plummeted nearly 94 per cent year on year in 2020 to just 3.57 … At least three fishing boats were crushed and a fuel truck plunged into the water. When the first eyebar failed, the entire connection was rotated and got separated from the eyebar. "No passengers or crew members were on the air bridge at the time. Following this incident, the U.S. government brought several new reforms to check the functionality and safety of bridges across the nation. The use of all rear bridges has been suspended for inspection, the official said, adding that passengers however would continue to board aircraft via the head bridges that are normally used by first class travellers. The U.S. Bureau of Standards noted the fracture pattern on the eyebar. The cross-sections of the eyebar revealed a number of small cracks, about the size of pinholes. Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam warned that what Hong Kong is experiencing now is actually worse than the 2008 global financial crisis. Beyond the Headlines: How will Joe Biden change US policy in the Middle East? However, different opinions surfaced to justify the cause of this fracture. Rocker towers were hinged at the bases to accommodate thermal deformations. The experts investigated many possible causes of the collapse. The design of the bridge was unique because it had high tension eyebar chains, rocker towers, and a unique anchorage system. Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. Bridge Collapses in Taiwan; Oil Truck Plunges Moments Away From Crossing Several fishing boat workers were among at least a dozen people injured when the bridge… The rear bridge then smashed into the head bridge, which was connected to the first class cabin, ripping a door off the A330 aircraft. The substructure of the bridge was lacking the structural redundancy. Beyond the Headlines: will vaccines help us return to normal in 2021? However, certain characteristics suggested the cause of the failure of the material. Officials: Multiple Deaths After Bridge Collapse Associated Press. A Cathay spokeswoman said its aircraft was "slightly damaged" but would not comment on whether the home carrier will seek compensation from the airport authorities. © 2009-2020 The Constructor. It's one year since part of a motorway bridge outside Genoa collapsed, as cars and lorries sped across it. The growth of the crack was most likely due to stress corrosion. These factors made the high-strength steel vulnerable to the propagation of cracks and reduced the time for these cracks to occur. The traffic on the bridge was crawling. The study of high-strength steel in the environment determined that the combination of stress corrosion (due to tensile stress in a corrosive environment) and fatigue corrosion (induced by the oscillation of loading in the corrosive environment) led to the propagation of the crack in the eyebar and caused the failure of the eyebar and ultimately caused the collapse of the bridge. On the night of 6 th November, a strong storm blew in the river where Tacoma Narrows Bridge was located. The warning came as … The first factor was the use of higher-strength steel, which is more brittle than the mild steel typically used for structural steel and reinforced concrete construction. Become VIP Member. Each bridge was to be inspected every two years. The Point Pleasant Bridge was a suspension bridge. Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge breakwater design scientific, reasonable and safe, says top gov’t official by Kris Cheng 10:59, 10 April 2018 22:01, 31 March 2020 Print The stresses that occurred during the collapse were less than the maximum stresses identified in the design. Stress concentration and fatigue can be a dangerous combination to cause the failure of a bridge. The two predominant factors were the application of tensile stress and the attack of pollutants on the steel. Since then, the design load has been increased to the heavier AASHTO HS-20. The tests sought to establish the natural frequencies of the bridge and to determine the excitation created by heavy vehicle use. A team assembled to look into the accident on the multibillion-dollar Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge which killed two workers and injured three … However, there was no evidence that calculations were made for the correct dynamic loading. This change of symmetry caused uneven loads across the suspension spans. The 41 … VIP members get additional benefits. Beyond the Headlines: Stories from 2020 of Covid-19 and beyond. The roof of Cellar Vall Llach, one of the leading wineries in Priorat, has collapsed due to heavy snows potentially destroying what remains of the 2018, 2019 and new 2020 vintages. However, the check for the safety of the bridge could not be verified due to the limitation on advancements in bridge engineering. The collapse prognosis of the bridge under a subsequent strong ground motion is then performed based on the updated model. Six people were missing after a bridge in Taiwan collapsed. Once all the survivors had been rescued, and vehicles had been recovered, the operations shifted towards the removal of the collapsed structure. Also, the bridge was not designed with a sufficient number of redundancies. This adjustment would cause a sliding friction to occur rather than a rolling friction. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. This lack of consistency indicated that the eyebar had a more severe susceptibility to stress corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement in the harder section of the material. A second worker was found dead Thursday evening after a work platform collapsed earlier at the construction site of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge. College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China. It was also found that the eyebar was affected by the atmospheric conditions. Scour was eliminated because of the observations of the divers at the scene. The following points describe the key lessons from the failure of the Point Pleasant Bridge: A total of 46 people died due to the collapse of the Point Pleasant Bridge. The length of the Point Pleasant Bridge was 681 m. The Point Pleasant Bridge was constructed at the cost of USD 1.2 million. The composition of the atmosphere also played a critical role in the state of the steel. Also, the designers did not consider the effect of unsymmetrical loading on fatigue. It was the second eyebar suspension bridge consisting of heat-treated eyebars, and a rocking base was constructed on the Ohio river. The reaction most prevalent to the cause of the collapse was found in the eyebar chains and pins. The eyebar would still be vulnerable to failure even if the resulting stress did not exceed the yield strength of the material. Each joint contained two eyebars that connected to the suspension chains. Tests showed that the eyebar pin connection was susceptible to pitting corrosion due to water, hydrogen sulfide, and salt. However, the steel used was of unusually high strength, and its properties were not well known. When the Point Pleasant Bridge was being constructed, the knowledge of long-term fatigue combined with the crevice corrosion was limited. Hong Kong's rule of law has been pushed to the "brink of total collapse" after more than five months of protests, police have warned. A truck driver and teenage girl are killed when suspension cables snap on a French bridge, with prosecutors saying the deadly collapse was apparently caused by … Beyond The Headlines: why superstorms are the new normal. The construction of the bridge started in 1920 and completed in 1928. The format categorizes the superstructure, the substructure, and the deck of the bridge into a set range of values. There were two main contractors who were awarded the work. Inspection of the wreckage showed corrosion in many sections of the bridge. A towering bridge over a bay in eastern Taiwan has collapsed sending an oil tanker truck falling onto boats in the water below. It was determined that the stress reversal was unique to a few eyebars because the vehicle lanes were not centered on the roadway. It was the holiday season and people were shuttling back and forth between the two cities via the bridge. A different theory of the collapse found support in the metallurgical aspects of the eyebar chains and the consequence of both loading and the environment on the steel. The connection at the eyebar was not redundant because it consisted of only two pairs of eyebars. The evidence supporting failure by fatigue stress was based on changes in the live loads of the structure, which changed the orientation of the eyebars. The vehicles removed from the wreckage were checked for explosives, and structural members were inspected for signs of damage due to explosives. In 1968, the U.S. federal government enacted a procedure for national bridge inspection. The bridge connected two major cities of Ohio and West Virginia, and provided direct access to their respective state capitals. It was first conceived … However, it was not large enough to allow engineers to inspect the connection. The next morning, the bridge authorities closed the bridge for traffic after noticing that the bridge was undergoing severe undulating motions. Other improvements to bridge management include nondestructive evaluation methods. After the vehicle passed, the connection would respond in compression to return to its original static dead load. The works related to the pier foundation were carried out by the general contracting company of Pittsburgh, and the superstructure was constructed by the American bridge company of Pittsburgh. The coal-burning factories and locomotives, and automotive pollution provided many airborne chemicals that could attack steel. Eyebar chain greatly improved the bridge’s stiffness with less steel. When the bridge was designed, the loading was based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) H-15 specifications for a 15-ton truck with 106 kN on the rear axle and 27 kN on the front axle. A sidewalk and a vehicle lane on the south side, instead of two vehicle lanes on the north end, caused this lack of symmetry. The bridge collapsed about 9:30 a.m. in Nanfangao, a tiny but often-crowded Pacific coast fishing village. Beyond The Headlines: How will Arab Americans vote in US presidential election. It first verified with the military that no airplanes had passed through the vicinity at the time of the collapse. Dozens fell off the edge, tumbling 45m to the ground below, resulting in 43 deaths. The cause of the fatigue stress was the cycling loading applied on the bridge over the four decades. Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge: A Case Study, Petra Jordan: A World Heritage Site Under Risk. Further examination of the eyebar showed a crack that had occurred during manufacturing. Three vehicles were caught in the bridge collapse, according to the prosecutor. It was considered to be the most unique and cost-effective bridge. As the loads redistributed in the eyebar chain, the eyebar heads and the connecting pins would rotate. The new procedure provided exact protocols to be followed, and inspectors were required to be evaluated and certified by the Federal Highway Administration (FHA). This center works to identify inspection methods through the use of technology that includes laser measurement, monitoring systems, and ultrasonic tests. Please follow the instructions below to allow notifications to be sent from The National. This sag would change the load distribution throughout the structure. The six-lane, Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge is 34 miles long and includes an underwater tunnel that goes for four miles. One feature considered to be potentially faulty was the substructure of the bridge. This shift could have been induced by sediments around the piers being washed away (known as scour), a deficiency in the foundation that would cause the anchors and piers to move, or an impact to the piers from a water vessel. Please enter your email address. The suspending eyebar chain acted as the top chord of a variable-depth stiffening truss. Beyond the Headlines: how will the US election play out? Beyond The Headlines: Memories of Mosul three years after ISIS, Beyond The Headlines: The UAE's tactic against food crisis, Beyond the Headlines: Iran's secret affair with Al Qaeda, Ethiopia's Abiy Ahmed – from Nobel Peace Prize to the brink of war. The built-in flaw in the eyebar led to the sudden propagation of the crack when the fatigue stress exceeded its limit. Hong Kong logs 3.57 million arrivals in 2020, lowest number on record. Key features of the Point Pleasant Bridge are described below: On a cold winter evening, the bridge suddenly collapsed due to the failure of the connection between the eyebar to the first joint on the north side of the bridge. This finding had significance, considering the extreme temperature changes in the region. The tensile stress came from traffic loads and thermal effects. The reassembly of the bridge showed evidence of a cleavage fracture in the eyebar on the Ohio side of the truss. The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge (HZMB) is a 55-kilometre (34 mi) bridge–tunnel system consisting of a series of three cable-stayed bridges, an undersea tunnel, and four artificial islands.It is both the longest sea crossing and the longest open-sea fixed link in the world. These tests concluded that the live loads were not excessive and that the loading caused some vibrations in the individual members of the structure. A total of six fishing workers from Indonesia and the Philippines were killed in the incident, which also left 12 … Read more.. The traffic on the bridge was crawling. Donald Trump's final week in the White House - latest updates, UAE has struck balance between lives and livelihoods, top official says, Emir of Kuwait accepts government's resignation, Watch: Dubai vaccination centre set up in 72 hours to boost Covid-19 fight, Cybersecurity jobs boom in UAE with starting salaries of Dh40,000 or more, UAE vaccination doses near two million mark, Neom: Saudi Arabia's $500 billion ‘megacity of the future’, US sends more B-52 bombers to the Middle East, Huge archaeological find in Egypt includes 50 mummies and a temple, Oman closes land borders as coronavirus cases rise, Beyond the Headlines: how Egypt's #MeToo movement is changing the country. Some travellers crossing the border had to walk across the construction site to bypass the section affected by the incident. VIP members get additional benefits. TAIPEI: Taiwanese rescuers on Thursday (Oct 3) retrieved the body of the last missing person killed when a bridge collapsed two days ago, smashing onto fishing boats moored underneath. The importance of this standardization is to allow the accurate rating and comparison of the bridges in the inventory. To verify the fact that dynamic effects were not a factor leading to the collapse, vibration response, and dynamic stress amplification tests were performed on the St. Mary’s Bridge. The oil tanker that was traversing the bridge at the time fell into the water and caused a fire when it struck three fishing boats that were below the bridge. A total of 46 people lost their lives due to this accident. The loss of one element would lead to the collapse of the bridge. He said the technician's condition was stable. The center span broke and flipped over into the water below, carrying 64 people from the roadway. This oscillation caused fatigue stress in the member and could, over time, lead to failure. The National Bridge Inspection Standards were created in response to the collapse. Tests of different eyebars showed a consistent composition between the specimens, which indicated that the fractured eyebar was not unique. A few hours after the collapse, the St. Mary’s Bridge was closed for safety as its design was similar to that of the Point Pleasant Bridge. Reduced factors of safety, 2 against ultimate strength and 1.5 against yielding, were used in the original bridge design. A 140-meter (459-foot) bridge has collapsed in northeast Taiwan, sending an oil tanker in the water and killing at least two people in fishing boats below. The bridge was designed using the deflection theory. A higher, not lower, factor of safety should have been used for this bridge. It was the holiday season and people were shuttling back and forth between the two cities via the bridge. Live loads produced by a heavy vehicle would cause the hole in the eyebar to be placed in tension. The linkage of the eyebar chains to the suspension cables by a pin created a section of the material that could not be protected by paint. Login to The Constructor to ask questions, answer people’s questions, write articles & connect with other people. What are the Installations Required in a Tunnel? All Rights Reserved. Comments ( 0 ) Top Stories Terrifying moment massive bridge suddenly collapses in a Chinese city 'due to severe flooding', sending cars into a raging river. One of these, it appeared, had grown into the 33 mm flaw that had initiated the fracture. 22nd August 2020 – (Hong Kong) At the Zhuhai Gongbei Port construction site, it is suspected that part of the pedestrian footbridge has collapsed, and Customs clearance services were once disrupted today. One opinion cited evidence for fatigue stress, whereas another one explained the cause as a combination of stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue. Sign Up to The Constructor to ask questions, answer questions, write articles, and connect with other people. A technician who was trapped in the falling bridge at the time was injured. Design features also indicated that the towers were protected from possible contact with a vehicle. Point Pleasant Bridge Disaster: Collapse of the Eyebar-Chain Suspension Bridge, Mackinac Bridge: Construction of the Most Aerodynamically Stable Suspension Bridge. Less than a week ago, another bridge collapse, this time in Shenzhen, next door to Hong Kong injured 19 people, five seriously, the China Daily reported. Beyond the Headlines: will Azerbaijan's victory in Nagorno-Karabakh lead to lasting peace? This limit contrasted with higher factors of safety, 2.75 and 1.75 respectively, for an alternate conventional suspension design. Double airbridge collapse at Hong Kong damages CX A330. No one thought that a small, exposed surface flaw included in the design could have caused the fatigue failure and, ultimately, the collapse of the bridge. It was possible for these forces to exceed the available resistance. If the piers shifted, the towers would be out of alignment, inducing a sag in the cables. This analysis took into consideration static and dynamic loads. And she's pledged some … The American bridge company didn’t make its calculations and test results public. Lost your password? Also, the overall redundancy of the structure was poor. We are investigating the cause of the incident," a spokesman from the Hong Kong Airport Authority said. In 1996, the FHA created the nondestructive evaluation center in McLean, Virginia. Studies were conducted to identify the influence of the environment on the material. Golden Gate Bridge: Construction of One of the Longest Suspension Bridges in the World, Chenab Bridge: Construction of the World’s Highest Rail Bridge, Austin Dam Failure: One of the Biggest Disasters in US History. Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must login to ask question. Country Towers of the bridge were supported on the rockers. The hardness was not uniform throughout the thickness of the material. Full story: sc.mp/26b9f The Hong Kong – Zhuhai – Macao Bridge (HZMB) will be one of the longest cross-boundary sea- crossing road infrastructure in the world providing a direct land transport connection between two shores of the Pearl River Delta, linking Hong Kong in the east to Macao and Zhuhai in the west. 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