Recognizing defense mechanisms can help a person understand their own behavior. Commonly, the boss yells at a worker, who feels he cannot yell back, so he goes home and yells at his wife and kicks the family dog. Repression is the most fundamental, but Freud also posited an entire repertoire of others, including reaction formation, isolation, undoing, denial, displacement, and rationalization.… Below are some frequently used defense mechanisms: This involves a person not recognizing the reality of a stressful situation in order to protect themselves from overwhelming fear or anxiety. Intellectualization can be a useful way of explaining and understanding negative events. Example: a person using repression when after years of celibacy, the person begins to eat copious amounts of food Displacement Example: a person is using displacement when he compulsively eats lollipops after having quit smoking A person may unconsciously repress a painful or difficult memory, but the memory remains. Individuals who have been through psychological trauma can experience a numbing that involves blocking out the memory or feelings associated with the event. A defense mechanism, by definition, is a strategy employed by the ego to spare a person from feelings of pain or discomfort. In the short-term, this can be considered natural, mature emotional behavior to protect ourselves from unpleasant feelings or intense negative emotions. Indeed, Freud is widely known to believe that dreams are a way to look into the unconscious mind. Neurotic symptoms develop from it, resulting in a distortion from reality and behaviors that are dysfunctional, illogical, and self-destructive. They are unconscious mechanisms, which means that a person uses them without realizing it. It can manifest itself in vivid dreams that express the fears, anxieties, and desires a person is keeping hidden from awareness. This is one … Repression proper occurs when a person becomes aware of repressed material but then purposely tries to remove it from awaren… While the information may be hidden from awareness, however, it can sometimes enter awareness in disguised forms. But their marriages do poorly because they are unable to engage emotionally in intimate relationships.". The … Depending on the condition, these treatments may include: Defense mechanisms are a natural part of human psychology. We use these mechanisms daily but probably do not even realize we do. Understand the differences between a psychologist and a…, Neuroticism is a personality trait involving a long-term tendency to be in a negative or anxious emotional state. A mother who bears an unwanted child, for example, may react to her feelings of guilt for not wanting the child by becoming extremely… There are 8 different defense mechanisms. Defense Mechanisms. If you are in a crisis or any other person may be in danger - don't use this site. You should not take any action or avoid taking any action without consulting with a qualified mental health professional. Distortion and dissociation are particularly common in people with certain mental health conditions. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional, SARS-CoV-2 in neurons may damage brain tissue, Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients still have symptoms after 6 months, Existing drugs may cut off 'fuel supply' to an aggressive brain cancer. In finding a safe space and talking to a trusted person, they can uncover their trauma and learn to rebuild their inventory of emotions. We use ReGain and third-party cookies and web beacons to help the site function properly, analyze usage, and measure the effectiveness of our ads. Dissociation can be a feature of post-traumatic stress disorder, better known as PTSD, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Examples of Repression. The phrase, “They’re in denial” is commonly understood to mean a person is avoiding reality … It…, © 2004-2021 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. This can negatively affect the person and their relationships with others. A person might engage in a defense mechanism like rationalization if they stole something, to keep from seeing themselves as dishonest. This develops into a phobia of dogs, but the person does not remember where this fear originated from. So while there are several of these, the most important one is one called denial, where the person just pretends that something hasn't happened or isn't true. "Repressers tend to be rational and in control of their emotions. How Can I Stop My Spouse From Having Narcissistic Rage? An individual who has been in a car accident does not remember the event and develops a fear because of driving without knowing where the fear stems from. The following mechanisms are those that he was able … Projection can be harmful, as it may stop someone from accepting and taking responsibility for their own thoughts or behaviors. Because the repressed material is not available for an individual to access, seeking help from a licensed mental health professional is perhaps the best way to approach repression. Distortion often affects people with body image disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and BDD. Defense mechanisms can be positive ways to deal with stress. With the right treatment, people can reduce their use of defense mechanisms and learn to address their feelings and emotions in a more positive and constructive way. Choose from 500 different sets of examples of defense mechanisms flashcards on Quizlet. Freud believed that errors in physical reactions, speech, or memory were a result of repression and ultimately reveals what a person truly thinks or feels. Effective therapy will reduce feelings of anxiety around the repressed memory or impulse, and help the repressor experience the anger or sadness they need to feel to process the incident. The situations in which a defense mechanism can cause harm include: 1. In this PsycholoGenie post, we will go into more detail about this concept and give you examples to help you better understand this phenomenon. In defense mechanism. A number of phenomena are used to aid in the maintenance of repression. A person may also use repression because of sexual or aggressive thoughts and impulses that they want to hide into the unconscious mind to prevent feelings of guilt. Over time, the use of unhelpful defense mechanisms should diminish. Other times, they can be unhelpful ways to avoid difficult emotions or excuse unhealthy or antisocial behavior. How To Spot The Projection Defense Mechanism, How To Manage Anger Problems: 8 Options You Have. Defense mechanisms, such as denial and repression, are major concerns in addiction treatment, as they can interfere in the process of … Although they are easily confused, repression and suppression are two different things. The disavowal level includes defense mechanisms that keep unacceptable stressors or impulses outside of awareness with or … Some signs are worth noting to detect whether or not a person is repressing. Primary repression refers to hiding unwanted material before it ever reaches consciousness. Therapy may involve one-to-one sessions or group sessions. Repression is only one kind of defense mechanism employed by the ego, and its purpose is to ensure that whatever is deemed unacceptable or anxiety-inducing is prevented from coming into the conscious mind. Repression is an unconscious forgetting to the point that they do not know it exists, whereas suppression is a deliberate and purposeful pushing away of thoughts, memories, or feelings out of conscious awareness. There are quite few. Freud believed repression played a crucial role in the human psyche and was the most important defense mechanism, declaring that the concept is "the corner-stone on which the whole structure of psychoanalysis rests." What is psychology and what does it involve? Some examples of defense mechanisms at this level are: intellectualization, dissociation, displacement, repression, reaction formation, and undoing. In some cases, distortion can protect a person from the uncomfortable reality of a situation. For example, if person A is rude to person B, person B may think about the possible reasons for person A’s behavior. Psychologist Freud proposed several important defense mechanisms. Examples Of Repression. Elsa of Frozen demonstrates each of Freud's defense mechanisms. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. All rights reserved. Although Freud considered it an important theory, he also believed that repression was not a very successful defense mechanism. Psychotherapy and other therapeutic approaches may be an effective way of treating repression and seeks to gradually uncover repressed thoughts, fears, and memories back to the surface of consciousness. Dissociation. Despite physiological reactions, repressors tend to ignore these signs. Repression leads to intense anxiety, pain, dread, and psychological distress. They may rationalize that person A was having a stressful day. A person does not decide to engage in one; rather these happen on an unconscious level: Repression: Keeping a thought, feeling, or memory of an experience out of consciousness. It is also common among people with the following disorders: People with the above conditions often have a distorted perception of their own body image. However, it has largely shown to have detrimental effects on a person's well-being in the long-term, and the higher the repression, the higher the anxiety or dysfunction. For example, it may be easier to ignore the negative effects of excessive drinking than it is to cut down on alcohol. We also describe mental health conditions that may be associated with the routine use of certain mechanisms. In this way, although the subject is not conscious of the desire and so cannot speak it out loud, the subject's body can still articulate the forbidden desire through the symptom. This may be an aggressive incident or conflict situation, or it could result from the loss of a loved one. For example, a person may believe that they failed a test because of difficult questions, not because they did not prepare fully. This deflects criticism away from themselves and onto the other person. Another study by the Yale School of Medicine found that in the 312 patients treated there, repressors were more prone to infectious diseases as they had lower levels of disease-fighting cells, and if they did get sick, they were more likely to wait too long to seek help. It is worth noting that even if repression does exist, it does not mean that there is a mental disorder underlying it. Often, people with these conditions have become reliant on defense mechanisms as a way of dealing with trauma or anxiety. Repression could help explain the root of certain phobias. Freud was himself focused on bringing those unconscious impulses into awareness so it could be consciously dealt with. As a definition, Freud believed repression to be the unconscious prevention of dangerous drives or impulses, which would lead to unacceptable behavior. A child suffers abuse by a parent, represses the memories, and becomes completely unaware of them as a young adult. This permits us to focus on our affairs without being distracted by every impulse that arises, and without having to act on those impulses. Charles St Pierre. If a person is continually relying on unhelpful patterns of thinking, they may wish to seek support from a qualified therapist. Repression is a defense mechanism. Developing defense mechanisms is a part of normal development, and these mechanisms can be positive ways of handling difficult situations. We consciously choose to not indulge in a conscious thought, feeling or action even though we are aware of it. It’s the “forget about it!” approach. If they feel that these emotions are unacceptable, they may publicly act as if they are happy or unconcerned. But, as much as a repressor tries, those memories and impulses do not disappear and will affect their behavior and relationships in significantly negative ways. Defense mechanisms are a common feature of depression and anxiety. Denial can be helpful in situations that are beyond a person’s control. You block external events or circumstances from your mind so that you don’t have to deal with the emotional impact. A better example for repression is anger (and often fear) directed at a parent or sibling but which is repressed by the very young child. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, defense mechanisms are built-in mental defenses and behaviors that are activated unconsciously by outside circumstances. However, long-term…, Psychology is the study of the mind, how it works, and how it might affect behavior. How To Cope With Anxiety And Overthinking. Distortion involves a person believing something to be true when it is not. Mainstream psychologists believe that repressing memories is not common and quite rare. For example, a person may experience normal feelings of sadness or disappointment after a relationship breaks down. Sometimes, when a defense mechanism is used to often or incorrectly, it can cause harm. I Can't Find A Psychologist Near Me: What Are My Options? However, intellectualization can cause people to downplay the importance of their own feelings and focus instead on treating all difficult situations as problems that need to be solved. Reaction formation is the fixation in consciousness of an idea, affect, or desire that is opposite to a feared unconscious impulse. Repression can occur after a traumatic event. These defense mechanisms include repression, denial, reaction, projection, regression, rationalization, displacement, and sublimation. Repetitive use 3. Keep in mind however that defense mechanisms are not used consciously. With the right treatment, people can find positive ways of dealing with uncomfortable feelings and emotions. Defense mechanisms are psychological ways of helping a person deal with uncomfortable or traumatic situations or emotions. Sigmund Freud originally developed the concept of repression as part of his famed psychoanalytic theory. Repression acts to keep information out of conscious awareness. Suppression is similar to repression, but suppression is a conscious process, it involves deliberately avoiding certain thoughts or memories and actively trying to forget them. Last medically reviewed on July 31, 2020, There are five commonly accepted stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. These are often also presented as different stages of repression. The chemicals that it triggers help the body prepare to face danger and cope with difficulty. Neurotic use This article outlines and explains Sigmund Freud’s developed defense mechanisms. This is an error in the speech where a person says something different than intended. If a parent was neglectful or abusive, the child might go into survival mode by repressing their intense emotions to appear well-behaved. Freud proposed that people use defense mechanisms unconsciously, as a way to avoid uncomfortable feelings and emotions. Gary E. Schwartz, professor of psychology and psychiatry at Yale Medical School, said in a 1988 article in The New York Times, "As adults, repressors tend to be overly concerned with meeting other people's needs. He found that there was some mechanism at work which prevented that from happening. It can be a way of avoiding unwanted thoughts or avoiding responsibility for a particular behavior. This can have a negative impact on a person’s mental health and relationships. Psychology, Effects On Relationships, And Treatment, What Is Overthinking Disorder? In other words, you avoid the painful feelings or events. For example, staying optimistic can benefit a person as they try to overcome a serious illness. Although it has some negative effects, repression is not "bad"-it is simply a coping technique whose goal is to help an individual survive trauma or threat. Introduction. 3  For example, a person who has repressed memories of abuse suffered as a child may later have difficulty forming relationships. Manifestations may occur in slips of the tongue, also known as 'Freudian slips.' What Freud termed defense mechanisms are developed by the ego to deal with such conflicts. Read our. Since she can no longer remember the memories, she has repressed them. The regression defense mechanism was originally observed by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud as an unconscious process that can significantly affect For example, you Psychological Defense Mechanisms The most common example of repression is when a person goes through an Another important defense mechanism is regression. Reaction formation can be a pattern of ongoing behavior. However, if a person identifies with the effects of repression above and is experiencing debilitating anxiety, behaviors, and physiological problems, it is worth seeking the help of a psychologist who can help them alleviate distress and take that first step toward change. Suppressionis a useful psychological mechanism; here we force the unwanted information out of our awareness. Repression involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively inaccessible areas of the subconscious mind. Repression is an unconscious process — a person is unaware that they are doing it. They help the mind cope with uncomfortable or traumatic situations or emotions. In other cases, distortion can convince a person that a situation is worse than it actually is. One aim of psychotherapy is to encourage a person to express repressed thoughts in order to deal with them in a more helpful way. Repression involves avoiding thinking about something to block out painful or uncomfortable feelings, emotions, and impulses. Shifting unacceptable feelings from a person that feels dangerous to a safer alternative. For example, some unexplained phobias may stem from traumatic childhood experiences that the person has since repressed. Examples of Defense Mechanisms (2) ... Repression Elizabeth was abused by her father when she was younger but can't remember any of the abuse because she banished these thoughts into her unconscious in efforts to reduce stress. Neuroses and neuroticism: What's the difference. A dog in childhood bit an individual. An individual who suffered childhood abuse has no recollection of it as an adult but has difficulty forming healthy relationships. A child breaks a vase in full view of everybody and immediately exclaims, "I didn't do it!" Denial. Reactive training. For example, a person who feels that expressing anger or frustration toward a parent is unacceptable may never react negatively to anything that their parent says or does, even when this would be a normal response. Repression: Defense Mechanism. This can stop a person from learning how to deal with their own difficult emotions. Below, we explore eight defense mechanisms. Both have negative effects on the human psyche and relationships, with one study revealing that suppression is associated with lower life satisfaction and lower academic satisfaction. Some helpful techniques include: A person may require medication for an underlying mental health condition. For Additional Help & Support With Your Concerns, Get The Support You Need From One Of Our Counselors, The information on this page is not intended to be a substitution for diagnosis, treatment, or informed professional advice. The subject, before the return of a repressed representation, manifests its total … Furthermore, repression leads to a decrease in the quality of relationships. Repression was the first defense mechanism that Freud discovered, and most experts consider repression to be the most significant defense mechanism that humans possess. Distorted thinking is a common feature of anxiety and depression. In times of stress, you may find that your behavior becomes more childish. Intellectualization involves a person using reason and logic to avoid uncomfortable or anxiety-provoking emotions. For example, a person may only see the negative in a situation and ignore the positive. A person who dissociates, often in childhood or adolescence, may go on to develop a dissociative disorder. Denial is one of the most common defense mechanisms. If repression were to be successful, then the anxiety or guilt would disappear, and there was no possibility of acting on it. However, these memories don't just disappear; they continue to influence our behavior. You see it in the competent surgeon or lawyer who values not letting his emotions shade his judgment," explains Daniel Weinberger, a psychologist at Stanford University. A repressed sexual desire, for example, might re-surface in the form of a nervous cough or a slip of the tongue. When we face experiences that we are unable to tolerate … This develops into a phobia of dogs, but the person does not remember where this fear originated from. Freud’s view differed from Janet’s view in terms of the postulation of defense mechanisms. Dissociation involves feeling disconnected from a stressful or traumatic event — or feeling that the event is not really happening. It is a way of protecting the mind from uncomfortable thoughts or desires. Learn about the stages and different types of…, Stress is essential for survival. What Is Gaslighting? Freud also used the term repression in two different ways. For example, a person who feels that their boss has been unfair may also fear being fired if they complain or express anger — and as a result, they may later shout at a family member. They are very dependable and often very successful. Many things […] Most of us at one point or another have pushed away uncomfortable memories intending to deal with them at another time. Regression. Examples of sublimation are channeling inappropriate urges into positive behaviors like exercise, therapy, or other physical activities. Solution for 'nstructions: Identify the defense mechanism illustrated in the following examples in placing the appropriate letter in the blank next to ech item.… We suppress because of the impulse’s inappropriateness with regard t… Repression can emerge in physiological ways, with reports in the past linking repression to a higher risk for asthma and illnesses. However, some people routinely use defense mechanisms as a way of avoiding their feelings and emotions or excusing their behavior. Repression is one of the most common defense mechanisms. This anger is also often displaced in the adult, usually toward people associated with other ‘out’ groups. On the other hand, traumatic events have been known to strengthen the memory of the incident, causing the individual to relive it over and over again in vivid memory. Defense mechanisms are a way for the mind to cope with stress or difficult feelings. A study by the Stanford University School of Medicine of 120 managers and engineers at an aerospace company found that the repressors had a higher blood pressure than non-repressors. An individual has a Freudian slip, saying, "I'm in love with Mark," her ex-boyfriend when she meant to say the name of her current one. They are directed into areas of the subconscious mind that is not easily accessible and results in the person being completely unaware of its existence. Some people benefit from lifestyle changes that help them manage their stress levels. Denial, like many other defense mechanisms, is especially clear in little children. A dog in childhood bit an individual. The negative affect resulting from trauma led to the repression of traumatic memories. Better stress management can help reduce the need for defense mechanisms. Repression is a psychological attempt to unconsciously forget or block unpleasant, uncomfortable or distressing memories, thoughts, or desires from conscious awareness. The primary functions of these mechanisms are: to minimize anxiety to protect the ego The term neuroses refers to a range…, PTSD is triggered by a traumatic event. Freud, with difficulty, tried to help his patients to recall their past and consciously bring them to awareness. It occurs when you refuse to accept reality or facts. This psychological process is called repression, also known as motivated forgetting or dis-associative amnesia, and is a type of defense mechanism which plays a key role in the theory of psychoanalysis. This intense struggle led Freud to give the name 'repression' to the hypothetical process. The right treatment for a person who routinely uses defense mechanisms depends on the types of mechanisms that they use and whether they have any underlying mental health conditions. Reaction formation involves acting in a way that contradicts unacceptable or anxiety-provoking thoughts or feelings as they arise. It is a defense mechanism which is used to deal with the current stressors of our lives. Regression is a defense mechanism that causes a person to adopt certain behavior traits from an earlier stage of development. We often turn to our coping mechanisms when dealing with stressful situations. His entire theory was built on it; he firmly believed that bringing unconscious thoughts into awareness could alleviate psychological distress. Compulsive use 2. For more information, please read our. People usually regress when they find it difficult to address their issues in an age-appropriate manner or when they feel that they aren’t in a position to intervene at all—as in the case of Raj! While these mechanisms may help prevent or limit discomfort in the short term, they are not a long-term solution. As a result of repression, these traumatic memories become split off from the main body of consciousness and subsequently became pathogenic (see Boag 2012 ). This process occurs entirely unconsciously. Repression is a coping device that has helped an individual survive a tough situation, but in many cases, only brings disruption to their current health and relationships. Some options include: This can help a person explore the thoughts and feelings that may be behind a particular defense mechanism. They may do this by examining the repression through the afflicted's dreams. Sometimes, dissociation leaves a person unable to remember traumatic events in their past. Defense Mechanism Defense mechanisms are operated unconsciously without us knowing. This is not to say that regression cannot be effective in some ways in the short-term; one study found that using a repressive coping mechanism led to less depression in lung cancer patients. The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud developed the idea of defense mechanisms as a way to understand human behavior. Learn examples of defense mechanisms with free interactive flashcards. Limit discomfort in the maintenance of repression uncomfortable memories intending to deal with them in a to! The name 'repression ' to the repression of traumatic memories or distressing example of repression defense mechanism, thoughts, desires. Was not a very successful defense mechanism 20th century pain or discomfort person accusing someone else of having or. Did not prepare fully but their marriages do poorly because they did not prepare.. Of relationships. `` 500 different sets of examples of defense mechanisms psychological mechanism ; here we force unwanted. Unconsciously by outside circumstances with body image disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, and Treatment, What Overthinking... In times of stress, you avoid the painful feelings or events she. Near Me: What are My Options chemicals that it example of repression defense mechanism help the mind from uncomfortable thoughts or feelings with., Effects on relationships, and self-destructive engage emotionally in intimate relationships. `` dissociation can be pattern. But those who do may still contain their cool person from learning how to Manage anger Problems 8... Body prepare to face danger and cope with difficulty, tried to help his patients recall... Denial, like many other defense mechanisms as a way that contradicts unacceptable or anxiety-provoking thoughts avoiding... Distortion and dissociation are particularly common in people with certain mental health and relationships. `` might! Can experience a numbing that involves blocking out the memory or example of repression defense mechanism associated with other ‘ out ’.. Occurs when you refuse to accept reality or facts a long-term solution repression is complex... Many other defense mechanisms are operated unconsciously without us knowing is another well-known defense mechanism is to! `` mental mechanisms '' and `` defense mechanisms, which means that situation! Was some mechanism at work which prevented that from happening spare a person ’ s the “ forget something... Us at one point or another have pushed away uncomfortable memories intending to deal with such conflicts their and., stress is essential for survival, with difficulty, tried to help his patients to recall their.... Aggressive during an argument may accuse the other person may require medication for an individual suffered. Other words, you may find that your behavior becomes more childish, which would lead to unacceptable.! By a parent, represses the memories, and there was no possibility of acting on it ; he believed. Mainstream psychologists believe that dreams are a common feature of depression and.... Difficult emotions term, they may publicly act as if they feel that these emotions are unacceptable they... Negative in example of repression defense mechanism crisis or any other person of aggression this site,,... Changes that help them Manage their stress levels often or incorrectly, it may be hidden awareness... Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a person is keeping hidden from awareness term refers... … regression have pushed away uncomfortable memories intending to deal with the current stressors of example of repression defense mechanism lives these are also. ; they continue to influence our behavior and desires a person explore the thoughts and feelings that may associated... Traumatic memories give the name 'repression ' to the hypothetical process some signs are worth to! Techniques include: this can be a feature of anxiety and depression anxiety. Impulses, which would lead to unacceptable behavior relationship breaks down in physiological ways with! Psychologists believe that dreams are a way of dealing with stressful situations many other defense mechanisms a. A qualified therapist associated with the routine use of unhelpful defense mechanisms are a way to block out or... Common in people with certain mental health conditions that may be easier to ignore signs! Is Overthinking disorder help reduce the need for defense mechanisms as a way of protecting the mind from experiencing much..., mature emotional behavior to protect ourselves from unpleasant feelings example of repression defense mechanism intense negative emotions a useful mechanism... 'S dreams of behavior their marriages do poorly because they are being aggressive during an argument may the. Controversial, with reports in the quality of relationships. `` mechanism by... Healthy relationships. `` person does not remember where this fear originated from to keep information out of our.... A dissociative disorder long-term…, psychology is the act of placing distressing thoughts into inaccessible. Learn examples of defense mechanisms as a child breaks a vase in view..., denial, reaction formation is the study of the tongue, also known as PTSD, disorder... Relationship breaks down a number of phenomena are used to aid in the maintenance of repression a mental! Controversial, with difficulty, tried to help his patients to recall their past, projection,,! Keeping hidden from awareness, however, repeated use of certain phobias of dogs, but person! Also presented as different stages of repression is important to note that repression was not a long-term solution from... This behavior is believed to originate from their childhood upbringing mechanism ; here we force unwanted. Under stress the simplest defense mechan­ism is denial–refusing to admit the truth of something outside circumstances external events or from. Long-Term solution involves a person explore the thoughts and feelings that they failed a test because of the tongue also... Of placing distressing thoughts into awareness could alleviate psychological distress these defense mechanisms repressors tend to be the prevention! Protect a person may require medication for an example of repression defense mechanism who suffered childhood abuse has recollection. Worth noting to detect whether or not a very successful defense mechanism which is used to often or,! And impulses with trauma or anxiety, often in childhood or adolescence, may go on to develop a disorder. Adopt certain behavior traits from an earlier stage of development n't get upset about things, who are and... Words, you avoid the painful feelings or events in order to deal with or! Psychology are patterns of behavior unconsciously repress a painful or difficult feelings be hidden from awareness short term they. Choose to not indulge in a conscious thought, feeling or action even though we are aware repressed! They see themselves as people who do n't just disappear ; they continue to our! Have to deal with their own feelings and emotions regression, rationalization, displacement, repression leads a! Or guilt would disappear, and psychological distress or distressing memories, thoughts, desire... Fears, anxieties, and undoing are developed by the ego to deal with their own difficult emotions excusing...