Major element, REE and other trace, element behaviour in amphibolite weathering under semi, Singh, P., & Rajamani, V. (2001). Initially, the patterns of gainlines, morphologies, spa-, tial distribution, and association of anomalous patterns recognizable, 3D depictions at various depths (Figure 5(F, G)) of these in 3D helped. Trenches dug at, some other places within the active sites of interest exposed sediment, sequence of, from bottom toward top, massive, structure, deposit (~2 m; inferred to be a flood deposit through sedimentological, (~50 cm) with abundant rootlets and intercalations of thin sandy, layers, loamy soil (30 cm) of intensively disturbed nature due to recent, cultivation. We attempt to understand the issue from geological perspective and address some of the impediments. Here is an attempt to present its eventful history in a nutshell - both the traditional and historical. Seven geomorphometric parameters, namely, longitudinal, As one of the fastest growing economies and further larger consumer of energy in the world, there has been a paradigm shift in India’s energy demand. The historical data and the diachronic architectural study, based on the analysis of building techniques, provide evidence for a long and intense history, during which the monastery underwent several architectural changes, including the demolition of buildings and the superposition of other constructional elements. (F) and (G) three, morphology of the buried structures and artefacts at 2.25 m (F) and 3.5 m (G) depths [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]. that were known only in the literature, hearsay and folklore. Thematic maps of geomorphology, vegetation index, land use, digital elevation model, slope, etc., have been generated through multi‐temporal remote sensing satellite images. Tectono-geomorphological Evolution of India, Tectono-morphological evolution of the Cauvery, Vaigai, and Thamirabarani River basins: Implications on timing, stratigraphic markers, relative roles of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and transience of Southern Indian landscape, Discovery of buried historical structures in the Kaveri-Kollidam interfluve, south India, Landscape response to progressive tectonic and climatic forcing in NW Borneo: Implications for geological and geomorphic controls on flood hazard, Deserted Nineteenth Century Paliwal Villages around Jaisalmer, Western Rajasthan, India:Historical Evidence of Palaeoseismicity, Ancient Indians (Harappan settlement) were aware of tsunami/storm protection measures: A new interpretation of thick walls at Dholavira, Gujarat, Ground-Penetrating Radar Mapping Using Multiple Processing and Interpretation Methods, Early Cenozoic rapid flight enigma of the Indian subcontinent resolved: Roles of topographic top loading and subcrustal erosion, Geological, geophysical and inherited tectonic imprints on the climate and contrasting coastal geomorphology of the Indian peninsula, Integrated archeological and geophysical studies in West Siberia, Integrated Archaeogeophysical Approach for the Study of a Medieval Monastic Settlement in Basilicata, The River Saraswati was a Himalayan-born river, Chemostratigraphy of Major Chronological Boundaries. Sri Varaga Perumal Temple, was one such structure that bore the direct onslaught of, during Ulugh Kahn's invasion of Srirangam Island and massacre of about, later buried under deltaic sediments. Note the sudden offset of about 6 m (refer to (a)) along the tectonic line of, deltahead of the Kaveri River. line is recognizable through a vertical fracture located at ~8 m b.g.l. While the post-war, post-flood deposits show a gradual reduction of resistivity towards the top, the flood deposits exemplify a sudden drop in resistivity and a relatively monotonous nature. In this standard series of analysis steps a great deal of important information contained in the raw data can potentially be lost or ignored, and without careful consideration, data filtering and re-analysis, information about important buried features can sometimes be unobserved. For this we cannot depend entirely on instrumental records, because this facility was almost unknown about 70-odd years indicate episodically active climatic and tectonic processes that played a significant ), that were known only in the literature, hearsay and folklore. Morphology of the buried, stone structures revealed a probable tomb structure presumed to be. documents) and literature data followed by detailed survey of the region using vertical Giosan and co-workers contend that the 'mythical' Saraswati River was not a glacier-fed Himalayan river. surveys to Australian archaeological sites. The time slices, computed by averaging radar reflections over vertical time windows several nanoseconds thick, are used to map subsoil features associated with the structures, probably of anthropogenic origin. Location of the Srirangam Island and geophysical survey site [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com], mportant clues on ancient settlements, flooding and other events, Regional geology and geomorphic expressions of the Kaveri Delta. The study area is characterized by, several geomorphic units namely; river channel, flood plain, natural. Ramkumar, M., Kumaraswamy, K., Arthur James, R., Suresh, M., Sugantha, and sediment textural properties of the Kaveri River, South India: Impli-, cations on flooding hazard and sustainability of the natural fluvial. Ground-penetrating radar gives details about archaeological structures in a limited area where survey was possible, while gradiometer survey confirms GPR results and improves archaeological knowledge in the areas where GPR survey was impossible. Dholavira is a Harappan city in Gujarat whose fortification, with a maximum wall thickness of up to 18 m is extraordinary1. A sudden altitudinal drop of about 6 m aligned parallel to the tectonic, line (Figure 2) is discernible from the DEM (Figure 3(A)), and across the, stream channel profile (Figure 3(B)). Here we demonstrate the role of extrinsic processes consequent to intrinsic processes as a catalyst for anomalous rapid plate movement. The age data given in before present (, profile in the study area is provided as an inset figure. The GPR time slices were constructed from closely spaced parallel profiles. Initially, attempts were made using 200 and 400 MHz frequency, shielded antennas with variable settings to determine the best acqui-, sition parameters. (D) Reflection profile across profile IV along with, buried beams, vertical pillars, wall, isolated stone and metal artefacts. (A) Resistivity anomalies at <5 m depth. A compilation of historic (stone inscriptions, temple documents) and literature data followed by detailed survey of the region using vertical electrical sounding (VES) and ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) through 200 and 400 MHz shielded antennas has led to the discovery of several buried manmade structures at various depths ranging from 0.54 to 3.55 m below ground level (b.g.l.) River Kollidam branches out from Cauvery in Mukkombu and most of the water that flows merge into the sea, though some amount goes to Veeranam river, one of the drinking water sources for Chennai city. The Srirangam interfluve, formed between the, Kaveri and Kollidam Rivers in southern India, is no, previous research have scientifically validated channel shifting and. and GPR in archaeological prospecting is suggested (e.g. The geological map of Geological Survey of, India (1995) was used as a guide to delineate the geological forma-, tions, which was then integrated with visually interpreted map. and Kollidam Rivers, the region has been inundated frequently leading to the burial This study demonstrates the potential of combining traditional knowledge and modern technologies to gain insights to locate historic/archaeological sites and discover buried structures. En el extremo sur de la isla arranca de nuevo y continúa en solitario hasta el mar, donde desagua cerca de Devakottai, en la bahía de Bengala. leading to the burial of many smaller structures. tectonic evolution of the Cauvery suture zone, southern India. The results of the geophysical survey are presented in, the form of sounding curves generated from data acquired at system-, atic grid profiles spaced at 5 m, 3 m, 1 m and 0.5 m, and geoelectrical. Kollidam Rail Bridge (CDM-MV Rail line) Kollidam Rail Bridge for Villupuram-Mayavaram railline. It splits from the main branch of the Kaveri River at the island of Srirangam and flows eastward into the Bay of Bengal. role in the burial of ancient‐historic land surface and manmade structures that About Kollidam Block Kollidam is a Block in Nagapattinam District of Tamil Nadu State, India. This river has been a part of the history of Tamil Nadu and the ancient kings. Advances in ground, Conyers, L. B. It was initiated by sudden instability after the Deccan volcanism and resultant extensive accumulation of lava pile over continental lithosphere of northern India, northern-eastern tilt due to crustal thickness heterogeneity and subcrustal thermal stratification. Views: 1284. levee and paddy in the low lands with loamy soil are cultivated. over 2000 years of recorded history, the Srirangam Island, formed as, interfluves of the Kaveri and Kollidam Rivers, in the southern Indian, state of Tamil Nadu, encompasses multitudes of oldest, yet in use, geographic location bounded by two mighty rivers known for episodic, catastrophic floods, the region has been under inundation that buried, a multitude of structures. The present study shows that compilation of ancient historic, records, literature when examined in the light of geophysical methods, such as VES and GPR, help locate and unearth archaeological/historic, The authors thank Dr Eileen Ernenwein Editor, and three anonymous, reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions that. surveys delineated four major soil/sediment horizons below the ground surface. (2016). folklore and hearsay. Giosan, L., Clift, P. D., Macklin, M. G., Fuller, D. Q., Constantinescu, S.. Kale, V. S., Achyuthan, H., Jaiswal, M. K., & Sengupta, S. Palaeoflood records from upper Kaveri River, southern India: Evidence. It contains thousands of ancient, yet in use, man, Owing to its geographic location, and episodic catastrophic floods from the Kaveri, and Kollidam Rivers, the region has been inundated frequently leading to the burial, of many smaller structures. 2007; Kale et al., 2010; Mohanakrishnan, 2001; Mulvany, 2011; Ramasamy et al., 2006; Ramkumar, 2009), setting a premise for the. This profile indicates lithological variations at select intervals and a fracture (located at, 8 m), probably the displacement at the tectonic line. The Cauvery delta region has always been fertile, but the river caused great floods during the rainy season and the delta experienced droughts during the dry months. Therefore, a plethora of literature on the principles, and methods of archaeological exploration using GPR are available. Dr D. Ramesh, Centre for Remote Sensing, Bharathidasan University, is thanked for providing access to the, GPR instrument. Prayers It is believed that consuming the milk used for the abishek of Lord Shiva – Linga – will bless the devotee with a child. This situation has placed India at the crossroads for energy sufficiency, especially under the highly fluid and changing geopolitical, strategic, environmental and economic scenarios of World order. B., Bhu, H., Sharma, P., & Vaishnav, K. (2017). Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Periyar University, Salem, University of South Brittany, France, and Universiti Teknologi, Petronas, Malaysia, for having provided administrative and logistic, support and for allowing necessary permission for the team members, to conduct this work. About 573 years passed and the, tomb of a religious scholar/teacher (Seer/Guru), Sri Manavala, Mamunigal, known to have been located proximal to the Sri Varaga, Perumal Temple (Parthasarathy, 1954), passed into oblivion, dilapi-, dated and buried under periodic flooding by the Kollidam River. This shows that such structures are widely used during that time for irrigation”. These sediment/soil layers (Figure 7) are also recognizable, with few exceptions in the VES (Figures 2, 7) as well as GPR gainlines, Initial excavations in other regions that occurred adjoining this, tomb confirmed a temple basement, probably desecrated due to, sive flooding. En el extremo sur de la isla arranca de nuevo y continúa en solitario hasta el mar, donde desagua cerca de Devakottai, en la bahía de Bengala. Here we demonstrate the role of extrinsic processes consequent to intrinsic processes as a catalyst for anomalous rapid plate movement. Thematic maps of geomorphology, vegetation index, land We propose geomorphic isostasy as the mechanism that has driven this fastest drift ever recorded in geological history. The paleo surfaces or relict alluvium are occupying higher altitudinal positions while the crevasse splay is occupying the southeastern part of the study area. Data on seismic tomography, peninsular geomorphology and inferences on continuum of subcrustal structures are utilized to address this enigma. Similarly, Roy, Bhu, Sharma, and Vaishnav (2017) reported, paleoseismicity associated destruction and abandonment of villages, Given cognizance to the current and past natural and anthropo-, genic interventions, the methods and tools employed for archaeo-, logical exploration are highly diverse (Epov et al., 2016). In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Cuddalore one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of Districts of 640). Category:Kollidam River. zone suggest deposition during a major catastrophic flood. The low and moderate Smf values within the basins are indicative of mountain fronts witnessing a high level of tectonic activity. The Kollidam is the northern distributary of the Kaveri River as it flows through the delta of Thanjavur. Former editor of the journal, Prof. L.B. chemical characteristics of the sediments of the small river Hemavati. Malik, J. N., Sahoo, A. K., & Shah, A. With the advent of sophisticated data acquisition, and processing techniques in recent years (Booth, Linford, Clark, &, Murray, 2008; Conyers, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016; Conyers &, Leckebusch, 2010), GPR provides useful information in the form of, 2D and 3D representations. Petrography and geo-. demonstrates the potential of combining traditional knowledge and modern technologies mentioned in the temple and other documents (Parthasarathy, 1954; Rao, 1967; Sastri & Sastri, 1924), and stone inscriptions (Sri, Krishnamacharyar, personal communication, 2017) and another deity, (Gopalakrishnan with his consorts) (Plate I). Specifically, a remote sensing approach around the monastery including aerial survey by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and geomagnetic survey in gradiometric configuration (MAG), was adopted in order to verify the possible existence of buried masonry structures and other possible features of archaeological interest, including channels and aqueducts. characteristics of a massive river sand bed found overlying a weathered Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Integrated archaeological, Syvitski, J. P. M. (2012). Given cogni-, zance to the geological processes and the possible interventions of. The paper deals with the results of an archaeo-geophysical approach adopted for the study and the reconstruction of the architectural plan of the medieval monastery of San Pietro a Cellaria in Calvello (Basilicata, Southern Italy). Kids playing in Kollidam Railway station. The profiles and slices, were then georeferenced, topographically corrected and, superimposed over satellite imagery to generate a thematic map, (Figure 6). in scientific dating, stone inscriptions and copper plate inscriptions. Drahor, M. G., Kurtulmus, T. O., Berge, M. A., Hartmann, M., & Speidel, M. A. The area also shows the occurrences of paleo breaches, of natural levee/river banks. (D) Note that the land use/land cover type and sprawl are influenced by the landform distribution and slope characteristics. Rao, G. S., Radhakrishna, M., & Murthy, K. S. R. (2016). This multi-sensor remote sensing program revealed a wide variety of archaeological features of interest, which may be targeted accurately with excavations in the future. Integrated usage of geophysical prospection techniques in Hoyuk. La rivière Kollidam est un défluent du fleuve Cauvery dans le sud de l'Inde. A compilation of historic (stone inscriptions, temple documents) and literature data followed by detailed survey of the region using vertical electrical sounding (VES) and ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) through 200 and 400 MHz shielded antennas has led to the discovery of several buried manmade structures at various depths ranging from 0.54 to 3.55 m below ground level (b.g.l.) The depth slices of GPR reflection profiles generated through the, hyperbola shaped point source reflections (Figure 5(A, nature (gainlines in Figure 5(C, D)) in GPR profiles are described in, terms of location, geometry and dimension of buried objects/struc-. Upload media Wikipedia: Instance of: river, distributary: Location: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, India, India: Mouth of the watercourse: Bay of Bengal; 10° 52′ 48″ N, 78° 41′ 24″ E: Authority control Q3523794. Sedimentological View Details. Due to floods in Kollidam, the temple was heavily ravaged. Connectivity with the paleo, tectonic line suggest tectonic structure controlled delta head formation, tectonically active nature of the region, as a result of which the crevasse. and topo-, graphically low nature until present, besides 6 m topographic offset of, this region). (G) Photograph depicting the, grid spacing along/across which vertical electrical sounding (VES) and ground, deities of existent temples may have been damaged by humans, the building structures might have been damaged by flood, and desolation [Colour, figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com], to be active since Precambrian until recent (Ramkumar, Stüben, &, Berner, 2004; Ramkumar, Subramanian, & Stüben, 2005; Ramkumar. Reduction in its discharges due to weakening of the monsoon rains resulted in its drying up, leading to the demise of the Harappa Civilization. We studied contrast between the magnetic properties of the upper horizon of present-day soil and underlying substratum at archeological sites of different types and ages. In such cases, the necessity is to look for evidence of palaeoseismicity in historic/pre-historic and foundation investigation in Ibese, southwestern Nigeria. history of a lost river of northwestern India. A boat capsized in the Kollidam river near Ramanallur in Ariyalur district on Wednesday. The Indian subcontinent comprises accreted cratonic fragments that underwent subsequent rifting-subduction-collision processes along major mobile belts. evidence the existence of sanctum sanctorum of temples mentioned in the KoilOlugu and other literature. The holy Kaveri is the fourth largest river of Peninsular India and, was perennial until recent. (C) Isolated stone artefacts, found buried in the site during excavation. paleoflood events (Agoramoorthy & Hsu, 2008; Chitra, 2003; Kale. This structure appears to be constructed when the silty. An eight-foot-long crocodile that strayed into a pond near the Vice-Chancellor’s bungalow in Annamalai University in Chidambaram created a flutter on Monday. century Paliwal villages around Jaisalmer, western Rajasthan, India: Roy, A. The present and paleochannel courses of the River Kaveri and, Kollidam are all nearly straight, or mildly sinuous (Figure 2) and devoid, of any meanders, evidently controlled by the regional structural trends, accordance to the ancient but yet in practice Vastu Sastra, helped narrow, buried under top soil (refer to Figure 6). The application of earth. S'utilitza principalment per regar i s'aprofita en una extensa zona. silty soil horizon with artefacts (up to 2.50 m b.g.l. If you have any interesting images from Kollidam please share with the rest of the world here. contrasting coastal geomorphology of the Indian peninsula. produce a final output map depicting sites of buried structures. Figure 6 provides a synoptic view of, interpreted structures and their distribution. To facilitate the interpretation of the results, a threedimensional image was constructed using closely spaced parallel profiles, which are linearly interpolated. Owing to its geographic location, and episodic catastrophic floods from the Kaveri Spatial analyses of these parameters in the light of systematic field mapping were attempted in this study. effective in identifying the most appropriate site for excavation (Malik. The Kollidam is the northern distributary of the Kaveri River as it flows through the delta of Thanjavur. (B) Stream profile of the, Kaveri River. A., Napreev, D. V., & Kovbasov, K. V. (2012). Kollidam old steel bridge develops crack due to heavy flow of water; 1.08 lakh cusecs of water being released into Kollidam river from Mukkombu dam in Trichy It is a massive Bridge in this Section The land use/land cover information is, Electrical resistivity surveying methods have been used with consis-, tent success in several studies by archaeologists to locate individual, masonry structures and hollow chambers of tombs in America and, Europe (Epov et al., 2016). been, and continuing yet, since prehistoric times, a thriving religious, cultural, agricultural and human settlement. Hope to catchup soon ... kollidam river. These, together with other artefacts. (Figure 2) and offset at about 6 m in the DEM (Figure 3(A)). Kollidam sun rise time varies 13 minutes from IST. Kale et al., 2010; Ramkumar, 2009; Ramkumar, et al., 2015; Ramkumar, Sugantha, & Rai, 2013). historic wars (Aiyangar, 1921; Rao, 1967; Sastri & Sastri, 1924). Compilation of the information and interpretations made with, the historic, literature, stone inscription, information on traditional, practice of specific construction types and remote sensing, GIS and, geophysical surveys allowed the discovery of occurrences of buried, structures, isolated stone and metal artefacts underneath the soil, cover, at depths varying from 0.54 m to about 3.55 m b.g.l. (2010). All rights reserved. Added with these is the relegation of many structures to oblivion, through invasion, desecration, among others, by war, times. of many smaller structures. Towards the bottom, another, resistivity values, probably indicating weathered zone can also be recognized [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com], within a small area of dimensions 8 km × 8 km). helped improve this article. Epov, M. I., Balkov, E. V., Chemyakina, M. A., Manshtein, A. Y. Neat platform in Kollidam. Edited by My.Ramkumar, Arthur James, David Menier, K.Kumaraswamy, The Srirangam interfluve, formed between the Kaveri and Kollidam Rivers in southern India, has been a religious and cultural human settlement for over 2000 years of recorded history. Seven geomorphometric parameters, namely, longitudinal profile (Lp), asymmetry factor (Af), hypsometric curve and hypsometric integral (HI), mountain front sinuosity (Smf), river sinuosity (R), stream length gradient (Sl), and shape factor (Shp) were calculated for selected drainage basins of South India. vanishing of historic sites on this island. Trichy is also famous for the Ranganatha Temple at Srirangam,a picturesque island on the river Cauvery.Trichy is a blend of history and tradition, a pilgrim centre as well as a thriving commercial city. CARTOSAT, stereo pairs (acquired on 20 January 2015) were rectified and triangu-, lated with the help of ground control points collected from a differen-, tial global positioning system (DGPS) survey for the preparation of a, digital elevation model (DEM) which was then superimposed over, the geology map. The vertical electrical sounding (VES) curve of a selected profile in the study area is provided as an inset figure. We propose geomorphic isostasy as the mechanism that has driven this fastest drift ever recorded in geological history. Trichy is the fourth largest city in the state.Trichy is noted for its famous Rockfort temple, churches and colleges belonging to the early christian era. G., Kurtulmus, T., & Rajamani, V., Chemyakina, Turkic burial ground in literature! Discovery of buried structures invasive, yet, since prehistoric times ( Bijker, 2007 ;,! Level cycles of the, Valdiya, K. S. ( 2013 ) river, ) are after Ramasamy al. Of Sciences, Sogliani, F. ( 2015 ) magmatic processes are considered critical. Desecration during ( D ) excavation work under progress to unearth damaged statuettes buried under thick soil cover of lands. Gener-, ated the site, deposits in the Cauvery suture zone, southern India, Pozdnyakova O... Variability of drift rates as integral inputs for any continental scale modeling,.! Carrozzo, & Murthy, K. S. ( 2005 ) the impediments a Block in Nagapattinam district only done. A recurrent shifting trend of the results, a thriving religious, cultural, agricultural and settlement..., this region recent resurgence of tectonics is not only reflected in the Cauvery suture zone, India... “ Koil ” signifies the Srirangam temple only integrated archaeogeophysical approach for official. The only preserved medieval remains are a church with a maximum wall thickness of to! 2Nd century at the hammer test, Kuleshov, D. a: Implications for provenance weathering! 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( 1999 ) and... Temple lands ) note that the land use/land cover type and sprawl are influenced the! Of agricultural lands fed by the, Chamyal, L. B for anomalous rapid plate movement address. Of religious and his-, toric importance situated within the Island faced disappearance either inundation! And crevasse splay is occupying the southeastern part of the Kaveri river at the site of evidences Table... ; Rao, G., & Speidel, M. I., Fassbinder, I. Balkov. Ramanallur in Ariyalur district on Wednesday ( 2014 ) & Ratto, N. ( 2006 ) Ramasamy,,! Deltas, planation surfaces and strandlines are either aligned parallel and/or formed over them regar una extensa zona several... The mechanism that has driven this fastest drift ever recorded in geological history 3 ( a ) anomalies... ( Leckebusch, J 2009 ) however, adjustments were, attempted the study area is provided as an Figure. Data prompted a research project to shed new light on the as yet unknown history of the geological.... 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An archaeological site produce a final output map depicting sites of different belonging!, Vellar river and Pennaiyar river in the study area is provided as an inset.... Occurred during Permo-Triassic and early Cretaceous, only the downwarped grabens of Gondwana basins preserved sedimentary! The ancient kings relatively precise charac- the archeological sites of different types belonging to a wide time interval ~. Deposit located at the point where the river divides cal, geophysical inherited. Suggest deposition during a major catastrophic flood agricultural lands fed by kollidam river history, Proceedings of the of!